Kdo se je poročil s Ludvik XIV. Francoski?

Ludvik XIV. (rojen kot Louis-Dieudonné), francoski kralj, * 5. september 1638, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, † 1. september 1715, Versailles.

Ludvik XIV. Francoski, znan tudi kot Ludvik Veliki (Louis le Grand) ali Sončni kralj (le Roi Soleil), je bil kralj Francije od leta 1643 do svoje smrti leta 1715. Njegova potrjena vladavina 72 let in 110 dni je najdaljša med vsemi vladarji. Kot emblem dobe absolutizma v Evropi zapuščina Ludvika XIV. vključuje francosko kolonialno širitev, zaključek osemdesetletne vojne, v katero so bili vpleteni tudi Habsburžani, in vpliv na slog likovne umetnosti in arhitekture v Franciji, vključno s preobrazbo palače Versailles v središče kraljeve moči in politike. Razkošen slog Ludvika XIV. je pomagal definirati francoski baročni slog umetnosti in arhitekture ter promoviral njegovo podobo absolutnega vladarja Francije v zgodnjem modernem obdobju.

Ludvik XIV je začel samostojno vladati Franciji leta 1661 po smrti svojega glavnega ministra kardinala Mazarina. Verjel je v božansko pravico kraljev in je nadaljeval delo Ludvika XIII., da bi ustvaril centralizirano državo, ki bi jo upravljala prestolnica. Ludvik XIV. je skušal odpraviti ostanke fevdalizma, ki so še vedno vztrajali v delih Francije, tako da je mnoge pripadnike plemstva prisilil, da so prebivali v njegovi razkošni versajski palači. S tem mu je uspelo pomiriti aristokracijo, od katere jih je veliko sodelovalo v uporih Fronde v času njegove mladoletnosti. V Franciji je utrdil sistem absolutne monarhije, ki je trajal do francoske revolucije.

Ludvik XIV je uveljavil enotnost vere pod vodstvom Katoliške cerkve. Njegov preklic Nanteškega edikta je odpravil pravice hugenotske protestantske manjšine in jih podvrgel valu preganjanj, s čimer so hugenote dejansko prisilili k izselitvi ali spreobrnitvi, s tem pa dejansko uničili francosko protestantsko skupnost.

Med dolgo Ludvikovo vladavino je Francija postala vodilna evropska sila in se je redno bojevala. Konflikt s Španijo je zaznamoval njegovo celotno otroštvo, medtem ko se je Ludvik med svojo osebno vladavino boril v treh velikih celinskih spopadih proti močnim tujim zavezništvom: francosko-nizozemski vojni, devetletni vojni in španski nasledstveni vojni. Poleg tega je Francija sodelovala v krajših vojnah, kot sta vojna devolucije in vojna reunionov. Vojskovanje je definiralo Ludvikovo zunanjo politiko, ki jo je gnala njegova osebna ambicija po slavi in ​​moči: »mešanica trgovine, maščevanja in pikiranja«. Njegove vojne so do skrajnosti obremenile francoske vire, medtem ko se je v miru osredotočil na priprave na naslednjo vojno. Svoje diplomate je učil, da je njihova naloga ustvariti taktične in strateške prednosti za francosko vojsko. Po smrti leta 1715 je Ludvik XIV. svojemu pravnuku in nasledniku Ludviku XV. zapustil močno, a od vojne utrujeno kraljestvo, ki je bilo v velikih dolgovih po vojni za špansko nasledstvo, ki je divjala od leta 1701.

Nekateri njegovi drugi pomembni dosežki vključujejo gradnjo prekopa Canal du Midi, pokroviteljstvo umetnikov in ustanovitev Francoske akademije znanosti.

Maria Theresa of Spain (Spanish: María Teresa de Austria; French: Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche; 10 September 1638 – 30 July 1683) was Queen of France from 1660 to 1683 as the wife of King Louis XIV. She was born an Infanta of Spain and Portugal as the daughter of King Philip IV and Elisabeth of France, and was also an Archduchess of Austria as a member of the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg.

Her marriage in 1660 to King Louis XIV, her double first cousin, was arranged with the purpose of ending the lengthy war between France and Spain. Famed for her virtue and piety, she saw five of her six children die in early childhood, and is frequently viewed as an object of pity in historical accounts of her husband's reign, since she was often neglected by the court and overshadowed by the King's many mistresses.

Without any political influence in the French court or government (except briefly in 1672, when she was named regent during her husband's absence during the Franco-Dutch War, making her the last Queen of France to hold a regency), she died aged 44 due to complications from an abscess on her arm. Her grandson Philip V inherited the Spanish throne in 1700 after the death of her younger half-brother, Charles II. The resulting War of the Spanish Succession established the House of Bourbon as the new ruling dynasty of Spain, where it has reigned with some interruption until the present time.

Françoise d'Aubigné (27 November 1635 – 15 April 1719), known first as Madame Scarron and subsequently as Madame de Maintenon (French: [madam də mɛ̃t(ə)nɔ̃] ), was a French noblewoman and the second wife of Louis XIV of France from 1683 until his death in 1715. Although she was never considered queen of France, as the marriage was carried out in secret, Madame de Maintenon had considerable political influence as one of the King's closest advisers and the governess of the royal children.

Born into an impoverished Huguenot noble family, Françoise married the poet Paul Scarron in 1652, which allowed her access to the Parisian high society. She was widowed in 1660, but later saw her fortunes improve through her friendship with Louis XIV's mistress, Madame de Montespan, who tasked her with the upbringing of the king's extramarital children. She was made royal governess when the children were legitimised, and in 1675 Louis XIV granted her the title Marquise de Maintenon. By the late 1670s, she had essentially supplanted Montespan as the king's maîtresse-en-titre.

After the death of Queen Maria Theresa in 1683, Madame de Maintenon married Louis in a private ceremony. She came to be regarded as the second most powerful person in France, and her piety had a strong influence on her husband, who became firmer in his Catholic faith and had no more open mistresses. In 1686, she founded the Maison royale de Saint-Louis, a school for girls from impoverished noble families, which had a significant influence on female education under the Ancien Régime. After Louis XIV's death in 1715, Madame de Maintenon retired to Saint-Cyr, where she died four years later at the age of 83.